Continuing market uncertainty is the only certainty!

Market Update - April 2022

Uncertainty in financial markets is likely to continue into the second quarter of 2022, due to concerns around the outlook for global economic growth, rising inflation, and the impact of the Russia/Ukraine war. Global growth has been hampered by the continuing commodity-price shock and significant geopolitical risks. Equities and bonds both struggled amid the Russia/Ukraine crisis whilst concerns of rising inflation prompted concerns over further interest rate rises. Growth did, however, start to tick back up in the US and UK as the COVID-19 Omicron variant cases dropped.

US

The US is more cushioned from the impact of War in Europe as it not reliant on imported energy and consumers there have pent up savings and stimulus to help support economic activity. This will embolden the Federal Reserve (Fed) to raise interest rates quickly this year but at some point higher rates could also dampen activity.

The markets are now pricing in eight additional 25 bps (0.25%) interest rate hikes from the Fed this year despite fears around stagflation, which is high inflation combined with little to no economic growth. We are aware that  this could become a reality but feel that there is quite a low probability given that US GDP growth is still robust, unemployment continues to fall and that we are likely to see expansionary fiscal policies in the form of increased infrastructure spending by the US Government. 

US – Yield curve

The yield curve illustrates the difference in returns available to investors depending on the maturity of Government debt, and part of the yield curve inverted this month as the two-year yield rose above the ten-year yield. Historically an inversion of the yield curve has preceded a recession because the short-term interest rates are too high and investors expect that to cause GDP growth to falter and so demand less compensation for the risk of inflation in the future. However, we must recognise that the current market backdrop in which we find ourselves is different with quantitative easing suppressing yields  and inflation pressures are currently high in the short-term but are expected to fall as the world gets back to normal after the Pandemic.

Previous recessionary periods have also been preceded by periods of consistent inversion across the curve rather than short-term inversion between a subset of the curve i.e., the two to ten year spread. Our base case remains that the US will not go into recession in 2022, in part because of the tight labour market (which means a time when employers have to compete for workers), higher wages, reported high savings accrued since the pandemic and proposed increase in fiscal spending in the form of an infrastructure package, which is planned investment into transportation, broadband and utilities.

Figure 1. US 2-10yr yield spread and near term forward spread (Source: Federal Reserve – April 2022)

UK

UK equities gained in March as investors continued to favour the type of value-based companies that are listed here with sectors like energy and mining benefiting from the spike in prices. A ‘value’ company is one that may have lower earnings growth but a more stable revenue.

The Bank of England (BoE) raised its base rate by 0.25% to 0.75% in March, as inflation forecasts reached 7% for April. The UK is not as dependent on Russian energy imports as other EU countries; however, it is a heavy oil and gas user, so prices are expected to rise even further. The UK also announced this month that it would stop importing Russian gas by the end of 2022 and investors are concerned that this move will further exacerbate inflation. The government are beginning to announce measures to mitigate the rising cost of living including a 5p cut in fuel duty and a £3,000 rise in the National Insurance threshold.

Europe

European stocks gained slightly over the month; but Europe is a large importer of oil and natural gas from Russia which means that it is vulnerable to the sanctions imposed and inflation is likely to get higher.

Eurozone headline inflation hit an all-time high of 7.5% in the 12 months to March 2022 (See Figure 2). 

Figure 2: Eurozone inflation 31/03/2022 Source: Fitch Ratings, Eurostat

This is an increase from 5.9% inflation reached in February. Energy prices are the largest contributor to this rise (See Figure 3).

Figure 3: Sector breakdown of Euro area annual inflation 01/03/2022 to 31/03/2022 Source: Daily Shot

The EU said that they will reduce imports of gas from Russia by two-thirds before the end of the year through increased efforts towards energy efficiency, diversification, and investing more in wind and solar power plants. This will accelerate the transition toward renewable energy. Germany has rejected bans on the import of Russian oil and gas because 60% of their energy comes from Russia and instead said that they would apply ‘sustainable’ pressure.

In France, the election advanced two candidates, Emmanuel Macron and Marine Le Pen, who will face each other in the presidential election run-off on the 24th of April, after neither candidate was able to secure a majority. France will now see a repeat of the 2017 election as voters will be asked to choose between pro-European economic liberalism or far-right nationalism.

For months Macron looked like a shoo-in to win and he would be the first president in 20 years to win for a second term. However, as inflation rose and energy and food prices surged, Le Pen grew more popular. 
If Macron wins, it will be seen as a victory for the European Union. Many say that if Macron was re-elected there would be increased cooperation and investment in European security and defence, especially with a new pro-EU German government as well.

China 

Chinese markets declined in March because of a new outbreak of the Omicron variant which sent cities into full scale lockdowns because of the country’s COVID-Zero policy. Shanghai’s cases have now exceeded the initial COVID outbreak in Wuhan back in 2020. China’s growth expectations are being revised down because of the strict COVID measures. For example, coal supply has been unable to match the rapid demand growth due to lockdowns and a lack of mining.

Figure 4: Lockdown intensity by share of GDP affected Source: Daily Shot

The chart above (Figure 4) demonstrates the economic impact of China’s lockdowns; on the left you have actual impact to GDP and on the right is the severity of lockdown. As expected, the more severe the lockdown the more impact on growth.

The lockdowns are also causing global supply chain problems. Activity in China’s manufacturing and services sectors simultaneously decreased for the first time in two years in March because of the COVID outbreak. The lockdowns caused Chinese manufacturing plants to close and led to an increase in global supply constraints in some sectors. One of the main companies to stop production was Foxconn, which is a major iPhone assembler in Shenzhen. They only closed for a week, but it caused Apple stocks to fall 2.5%.

China’s CPI (Consumer Prices Inflation) figure was 1.5% in March year on year compared to the 0.9% in February. Although this seems relatively low, China’s Producer Price Index (PPI) figure, which was also released yesterday, was 8.3% year-on-year. When PPI increases it shows an increased cost for sellers and they have two options - either reduce their profit margin or, more likely, keep margins intact and raise prices for the consumer.

Irrespective of the Russia/Ukraine outcome, China will have to quickly loosen its policy stance to ensure hitting its growth target for the year – a looser policy means lower interest rates. With the party congress later in the year it seems likely that the Common Prosperity measures of last year will take a back seat.

Japan

Japanese stocks gained over the month, ending up 5%, after the government announced an additional package of measures to boost the economy. This included releasing gasoline reserves because Japan’s CPI rose 0.8% in March year-on-year. Rising COVID cases throughout March caused factory shutdowns and persistent semiconductor shortages.

Conclusion

Economic momentum as the world reopens was always bound to slow, but the War in Ukraine has  pushed inflation higher and caused an uncertain growth outlook for the remainder of 2022. We think that in the face of this, monetary authorities will have to balance the desire to control inflation with the impact that increased interest rates could have on economic activity. 

We expect further volatility as the year progresses, but companies and consumers are in a strong position to support market levels and will be helped by further fiscal stimulus in the West and by monetary easing in China. In an environment like this, long-term objectives should be core to investment portfolios because these conditions favour persistence and a set of clear investment goals. It is also worth remembering that although geopolitical tensions cause unsettling periods in the market, they do pass.

Note: This Market update is for general information only, does not constitute individual advice and should not be used to inform financial decisions.

Investment returns are not guaranteed, and you may get back less than originally invested; past performance is not a guide to future returns.